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Verse Examination

We do hope you will be blessed by this new addition to the website of "What Mean These Stones?"


Truth—1 Timothy 5:8—Error

I had received an e-mail requesting that a specific verse be examined for the meaning as it was intended to be understood when it was written; including its application, if any, for the church today.  My prayer is that the truth of what this verse instructs—and what it doesn’t—will be freeing to the large numbers held in bondage through misinterpretation.   

 

Any written (or spoken) words used to communicate specific understanding or thought, must be interpreted accurately to comprehend and understand what was intended by the author.  When Scripture is read, to properly and contextually understand what the writer clearly intended to communicate is an example of exegesis.  Exegesis, as defined by the Random House Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary is a “critical explanation or interpretation of a text or portion of a text, esp. of the Bible.”   There are specific guidelines to correctly interpret (men have applied the term hermeneutics to established guidelines or rules for Scripture interpretation).  Simply put, interpret contextually; grammatically understand the word usage and meaning (both in the original Hebrew or Greek, and their translation into English when considering Scripture); and permit, where the writer intended in what precedes or follows the text, to influence or affect the meaning.

 

Antagonistic to exegesis is eisegesis. The Random House Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary defines ‘eisegesis’ as, “an interpretation, esp. of Scripture, which expresses the interpreter’s own ideas, bias, or the like, rather than the meaning of the text.”  To eisegete is to take from the world and the mind of man and place or read it into Scripture.  Eisegesis is to interpret pretextually—meaning to entwine, embellish or adorn what is in front, to mislead by appearance or to conceal truth.  The Random House College Dictionary (1975) defines pretext as “something that is put forward to conceal a true purpose or object.”

 

Each time any form of eisegesis and pretextual interpretation of Scripture is used, the word of God is degraded in meaning; reflecting contempt with little or no fear or love for Him.  Even when used without malicious intent, it reveals disrespect for Scripture and its Author.  Scripture uses three words that are descriptive of pretextual interpretation and eisegesis: heresy, hypocrisy, and apostasy.    

 

Before we begin, I appeal to you to set aside any and all personal opinions, biases and prejudices you may have regarding this verse.  Personal experiences, feelings, etc. have no place in Scripture interpretation.  Examine what is written with scriptural glasses, in the light of the word of God.  I ask that you allow His truth to be the grid used to sift error from truth (Acts 17:11); use biblical glasses to validate or invalidate what is written concerning this important verse and the issues that surround it—allow Scripture to interpret Scripture!  Do not use the teaching of one man to gauge truth in the teaching of another . . . use the word of God alone to determine truth.  Useful tools I would recommend in any study of Scripture; are a reference Bible (not a study Bible), concordance (Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible is a good choice), Bible dictionary, English dictionary; a Greek and English Interlinear Bible would also be valuable (The Interlinerear NASB-NIV – Parallel New Testament in Greek and English, is an excellent choice).  Finally, no Scripture study should be done without a heart preparation through prayer, allowing the Holy Spirit to guide and teach as Christ promised.  The instruction of the Holy Spirit is the only means to avoid interpretational vacuity.

 

This first of two letters by Paul to his beloved son, Timothy, was written to give instruction in the care of the church at Ephesus; and to exhort spiritual discernment and boldness in Timothy’s labor.  The verse in question, 1 Timothy 5:8, is part of this instruction and exhortation, and reads; “But if anyone does not provide for his own, and especially for those of his household, he has denied the faith and is worse than an unbeliever.” (NASB)  Other popular Bible versions (KJV, NRSV, NKJV, and the NIV) read similarly.

 

Several accepted interpretations of this verse teach: 1) A woman is not to work outside of the home; 2) A husband is to provide financial support for his wife, and family; and 3) A man is to fulfill the responsibilities as father for his children.  Let’s examine Paul’s instruction to Timothy to find, if any or all of these meanings, are what the author intend when he penned these words?

 

Let’s first move to the preceding verse in chapter five, verse seven.  “Prescribe these things as well, so that they may be above reproach.” Timothy is to command (prescribe) “these things” (see also 4:11) which Paul gives him for instruction to the believer as well as the church as a whole—so they will be blameless before God and men, and their faith will not be discredited.  All of the church was to willingly submit to this instruction, “so that they may be above reproach.”  Claiming to be His yet worthy of blame—in essence, to be reproachable—is a self-applied disgrace by His people when the “pillar and support of truth” (1 Timothy 3:15) is compromised.  Such compromise projects a denial of an obedient relationship with God to the world.  God cannot be honored when the reproach of His people is justified. In ‘what’ are believers to be above reproach, to be blameless in, and not discredited? (v 7)  Examining contextually, it is clear they are to be above reproach in the means and type of provision provided to widows (vv 3-5, 9-16).

 

To avoid confusion of what was specifically written by Paul, it may be necessary to first do some dismantling of our word defining and usage, as we do here for v 8; to build a foundation of proper defining, grammar, and composition in the interpretation (plastic definitions and fluid grammar usage, etc. is a scourge to proper interpretation and understanding).  There are many resources available that assist in achieving greater accuracy in Scripture interpretation and understanding . . . please use them.    

 

But if anyone does not provide for his own, and especially for those of his household, he has denied the faith and is worse than an unbeliever.”  (1 Timothy 5:8)

eij dev tiß tw'n ijdivwn kai; mavlista oijkeivwn ouj pronoei', th;n pivstin h~rnhtai kai; e~stin ajpivstou ceivrwn 

 

But: Using the conjunction, “but” to introduce the verse in question bridges 1 Timothy 5:8 to vv 3-7, where the subject is plainly widows, and the source through which their needs are to be meet.  This conjunction clearly informs the reader that 1 Timothy 5:8 is not a ‘stand alone’ verse with an isolated interpretation, but is joined with what preceded it to give contextual understanding. 

 

if: The conjunction “if”, joins disobedience to these commands Paul gives, with a reproach (a charge of denying their faith, and a rank below that of an unbeliever).

 

anyone: Who is to be obedient to this instruction?  The indefinite pronoun “anyone”, does not identity a specific person or group, allowing a broad inclusion of who is to be obedient.  It must be understood that a man, woman; husband, wife; son, daughter; father, mother; etc., are not who is referred to—however, some or all of these could be included.  We will soon be able to narrow down who is included.

 

does not provide: The Greek word pronoeō (English rendition-provide) in v 8, means to foresee (pro-before; noeō-sight).  The often misdefining of its English translation “provide” brings a great deal of false doctrinal assurance through eisegetical interpretations and their ensuing misapplications; obviously conflicting with Paul’s intended meaning of this verse.  What is to be ‘foreseen’ is not specified in this verse—nor is it defined in the English translation, ‘provide’, as used here.  The Random House College Dictionary defines ‘provide’ as: “to furnish, supply or equip”; “to arrange for or stipulate beforehand”; “to take measures with due foresight”, etc.  When the English word ‘provide’ is defined correctly, it accurately characterizes the Greek word pronoeō.

 

In all, the word pronoeō is used just three times in the New Testament—here in 1 Timothy 5:8 translated ‘provide’, and then also in Romans 12:17 as ‘respect’ (NASB); and in 2 Corinthians 8:21 as ‘regard’ (NASB).

 

Romans 12:17 admonishes “respect” (pronoeō-take thought for), “for what is right in the sight of all men”; this is in reference to recompensing “evil for evil” (v 17); and are admonished in v 18 to, “if possible, so far as it depends on you, be at peace [seek peace] with all men”; and in v 19, tonever take your own revenge, beloved, but leave room for the wrath of God . . . .  Pronoeō, then, gives difference to honoring in difficult relationships, as far as it depends on the man, as opposed to retaliation, embitterment, hate, reviling, etc.  Christ encourages and admonishes men to “. . . love your enemies, do good to those who hate you, bless those who curse you, pray for those who mistreat you” (Luke 6:27-28).  All of these are to be acts (external) which are expressions of what is internal (faith), and not given to legitimate occasions to be accused.  However, each child of God must beware of the smiling lips and false affections tended by a hypocrite.

 

It is the duty of all Christians, to provide for things honest [not in the sight of the Lord alone, but also] in the sight of men (Romans 12:17 KJV).  Believers, as much they are able, are to be prudent in avoiding false imputations.  We live in world of many religions that ‘use’ God for their purposes, as opposed to allowing God to use them.  It is the sin of others to bring reproach, judgment or condemnation upon the followers of Christ without justification—and here the prince of this world seeks victory. 

 

And believers are to “have regard (giving forethought) . . . [to] what is honorable, not only in the sight of the Lord, but also in the sight of men” (2 Corinthians 8:21).  Paul says they are “taking precautions so that no one will discredit [them]” v 20, preempting concerns or accusations that may arise regarding mishandling of the abundance of freely given supplies by the Macedonian church for the saints in Jerusalem.  This is done by doing what is honorable before God . . . and men.  Paul cared a great deal about what others thought about his actions, but prefaced this with doing what was right in the sight of the Lord.  There is a precept that what is worthy in their actions before God is not compromised before men, allowing their work to appeal to both God and man.      

 

The pronoeō used in these two verses, “respect” and “to have regard”, are directly linked in principle and meaning to the admonition of being “above reproach” given in 1 Timothy 5:7, and the warning (an if/then statement) which follows in v 8.  Certainly, these verses do not infer that all men will be appeased when our actions are right before God, or that no man will take offense, as this would be contrary to what virtually all of Scripture teaches.  What it does mean is: men following the Lord in truth will find no cause for unrighteousness in these specific actions; and no man will be able to bring legitimate charges against you.  It cannot be assumed there would be no false accusations by these verses, even when being above reproach—remember Christ?

 

for his own: His own (NASB, KJV and NKJ), is the English translation for the Greek word idios.  Idios pertains to one's own . . . a belonging to one's self. It identifies who are to be provided for, not the identity of the provider.  Anyone is an antecedent, for which the personal pronoun his stands.  As the antecedent, ‘anyone’ (an indefinite pronoun), does not identify a specific person, gender, or group, the personal pronoun ‘his’, must be of common gender—meaning the sex is not known.

 

His own’ does not identify who these people are in this verse; but by the later reference to ‘his household’, ‘his own’ clearly is for those outside or separate from this household.  (NRSV and NIV translate idios as ‘his relatives’)  We are able to identify who these two groups are though, and will do so later in this article.

 

and especially:  Meaning, ‘and above all’ (especially-malista), or particularly.  It is giving primary or unique attention to those with special significance.  In this case, it is . . .

 

for those of his household: The Greek word oikeios, an adjective, primarily signifies belonging to a person’s, or one’s house or family.  Oikeios is also used for the household of God (Ephesians 2:19).  As given previously, ‘his’ is of unknown sex (also translated, ‘one’s); it is a possessive pronoun used as an adjective, which modifies the noun ‘household’—meaning, to answer the question of whose household.

 

 

 

The Three Unknowns

 

Examining 1 Timothy 5:8 contextually, we find several unknowns:  1) to whom specifically does the provision go; 2) The identity and sex of the provider; and 3) what is being provided.  Verse 8 does not give us the identity of these; but when the given context unit of vv 3-16 are examined, they are easily identified.

 

The recipient of the provision: To whom does the provision mentioned in v 8 go?  When this text is read contextually, there is little difficulty in identifying who is provided for.  It is clear the single group of persons to be ‘provided for’ is widows . . . and only those that are widows indeed (vv 3, 5, 16—for additional information, see: 1 Kings 17:8-16; Jeremiah 49:11; Luke 2:37; Matthew 15:5; Acts 6:1; Ephesians 2:1; Philippians 2:15).

 

Verse 3 instructs believers and the church to “honor widows who are widows indeed”.  Honor is the respect as well as the physical and material assistance given to women that are widows indeed. This specific honor is not for all widows, but widows who are in a permanent condition of being left alone (including neglect by others) and are without a means of care and support.  This is the meaning for them to ‘indeed’ be widows.  To ‘qualify’ for this honoring (which Acts 4:32, 34-35 gives a similar application for all true believers), she must also have her hope fixed on God, and “continues in entreaties and prayers night and day” (v 5).  Without someone to tend to her needs, she will recognize and appeal to God as her only hope and true source of provision, trusting in His provision.

 

A widow living a worldly, self-pleasing, and ungodly life without regard for what is right, is not due, nor is she deserving of honor.  Though she may be very much alive physically, her lifestyle reveals she is unregenerated and dead spiritually (v 6); bound to bear the wrath of God.  Such a woman, though she has lost her husband, is not recognized by the church to be honored as a ‘widow indeed’.  For God clearly states that if He is rejected, He will also reject . . . He will not hear the pleas of a widow that gives herself over to wanton pleasures. (See Issue # 1 of WMTS, pg 13-14 – section heading ‘The Cost of Deafness’)   The church is admonished to discern this woman’s sin and instruct, discipline, and rebuke; as distasteful as it may be for some within the church, lacking repentance, such a widow is to be put out of the church.  

 

Such a widow should not be received or maintained by the church, but are to use its time and resources for those that are in obedience to God.  Rebellious, sinful, yet religious widows are included as so-called [in name only] brothers in 1 Corinthians 5:11, and are to be judged by the church.  The church is to cast out, and not associate with such a man or woman.  This verse is not in conflict with the repeated admonition throughout Scripture to care for widows (Deuteronomy 14:28-29; Matthew 25:34-45; James 1:27; James 2:14-16).  The Lord’s people are not to be an enabler to such sin of one claiming to be His.  Giving out of the storehouse of God is not to provide a means for such a one to continue in a life of decadence and rebellion before the Lord; it is a disservice to the glory of the Lord, as well as to the recipient of the care and support.  Scripture is replete with guidance in the manner in which believers and the church are to respond to such a man or woman.

 

Women that are widows and make no claims of being of Christ, are to be tended to by the witnesses of Christ, His disciples.  Christ says, “It is not those who are healthy who need a physician, but those who are sickBut go and learn what this means: I desire compassion, and not sacrifice,’ for I did not come to call the righteous, but sinners” (Matthew 9:12-13).  A child of God must strive to discern the difference between these two groups of people (the ‘so-called brothers’ and sinners), and respond to them as the Lord clearly instructs through His written word.

    

A widow is to be put on the list if” . . . .  Vv 9-10 list a number of prerequisites that are to be realized in her life before a widow receives the care and provision to sustain her.   Some associate this ‘list’, as being widows that are to be brought into specific ministries to serve within the church; equating the list to the older women of Titus 2:3-6.  There is little to no contextual support for such interpretation here or elsewhere in Scripture, making it necessary to read this understanding into the text (i.e. pretextual understanding).  The text given is enough to give us a logical understanding when placed in context.  This list is best identified as a list of those that are “widows indeed”; women that meet criteria that identifies them as widows needing special honor or provision—widows that should be honored first in family; then if necessary, in the church itself.

 

Young widows are not to be placed on this list, as there is a tendency for younger women to succumb to emotion and feelings, allowing in “sensual desires in disregard to Christ” (v 11).  When a man or woman’s needs are satisfied from external sources (i.e. welfare system), and when he is not physically, mentally or spiritually occupied with what is godly, his nature is to chase after a lifestyle of wanton self-pleasure.  But when Christ is highly regarded in the life of a widow, her life will reveal a life given in hope to God (v 5); in service as His witness before men (v 10).  This will be her character, and will be her heart.

 

Widows that are not in genuine service to God, “learn to be idle, as they go around from house to house; and not merely idle, but also gossips and busybodies, talking about things not proper to mention” (v 13).  Sadly, this is not only seen in young widows, but also in older women, and men, that live for meaningless self-pleasure.  For many, what we know as retirement is nothing more than an ungodly, unscriptural period of one’s life given over to satisfy a life time of pent-up desires for self-pleasure . . . token service to God may be given for show, but self is the primary focus.  Widows who profess a belief in Christ, as are all that possess genuine saving faith, are to “give the enemy no occasion for reproach” (vv 14b).  However, some of these so called brethren “have already turned aside to follow Satan” (v 15), disqualifying themselves for assistance from the storehouse of God.

 

There is a second group that is identified, which is implied as also deserving of honor; and with purposeful intent, are to be recompensed.  This group identified in v 4 is translated in many versions of the Bible as ‘parents’ (KJV, NASB, NIV, NKJV); but the word translated as ‘parents’ here, is not the commonly used NT Greek word, goneus, used for parents in the plural twenty times (six by Paul), in the New Testament.  Goneus simply is to beget, to generate offspring, and is most commonly associated with the male parent.   Paul is drawing special attention by using the word progonos, used but one other time in the New Testament, and that by him in his second letter to Timothy, 2 Timothy 1:3.  Progonos (pro, before; gonos, akin to ginomai, meaning to ‘come into being’) then, is to be born before.  It is the forefathers, which would be inclusive of any parents, grandparents, great-grandparents, etc. that are alive.

 

But in this particular verse where progonos is used, yet where the honoring and assistance of widows remains the focus (as it has throughout vv 3-16), the usage of progonos here, strongly suggests a meaning of multi-generations of widows; where the usage of forefathers is to the exclusion of males.  This understanding can be found in what Paul says; “if any widow has children or grandchildren” where widows are specifically identified as the progonos when their familial relationship with both children and grandchildren are considered.

 

The Provider: The second unknown of 1 Timothy 5:8 is the identity and sex of the provider.  Who is this provider, and what is his relationship to the widows that are to receive assistance?

 

Recall that in v 8, that the antecedent, ‘anyone’ (an indefinite pronoun), does not identify a specific person, gender, or group, so the personal pronoun ‘his’, must be of common gender—meaning the sex is not known.  This understanding carries into the identity of the providers. 

 

Returning to v 4, we find two groups of people that are identified, not by gender, but by a familial relationship; “but if any widow has children or grandchildren . . . .”  Children (greek-teknon) and grandchildren (greek-ekgonos or ekgonon) are the offspring, both male and female, of the widow (the progonos) as result of physical birth.  There also is scriptural support to also include children/grandchildren through marriage, i.e. in-laws, within a family household (Matthew 10:35-36; Luke 12:52-53).

 

The only other blood relationship that is mention as one that is to provide, is found in verse 16, “If any woman who is a believer has . . . widows, she must assist them . . . .”  Here, any woman that is a child of God must assist widows that are her relation.  It needs to be mentioned that “other ancient authorities read believing man or woman; others believing man” (The Greek English Interlinear New Testament—UBS 4th edition, Nestle-Aland 27th edition, Tyndale House Publishing, 1990), as opposed to “any woman who is a believer” as is commonly translated from the Greek text.  If this were indeed the case, the contextual meaning would be unaffected.   A better translation may be, “If any believer has widows, let them assist . . .”; which would fit well into the contextual usage of common gender children and grandchildren used earlier.

 

When there is no familial relationship available, or if the widows’ family should choose not to ‘provide’ for her, there is a ‘provider’ of last resort . . . this being Christ’s church, His body.  The church is directed and admonished to ‘provide’ for the widow when family cannot or does not.     

 

The Provision:  Lastly, what is to be provided?  Widows that are widows indeed, meeting godly standards of righteousness;

 

1) are to receive honor, esteemed, and have value (v3);

 

2) are to receive a return, to be recompensed (v 4).  Recompense is to compensate, reimburse, or pay back in measure or kind, of what had been invested into the lives of the children.  This is not to be done by force or under coercion, but is a heart condition of godly obedience revealing piety;

 

3) are to be provided for (v 8), that is, their needs are to be considered through foresight; they are to be rendered respect (to take thought for), and believers are to have regard (giving forethought) for them.  These all are the defining of the word provide, pronoeō, which was opened up earlier in this teaching;

 

4) the widow’s offspring, and if necessary Christ’s church, are to assist (Greek-eparkeō) or relieve them in those things they are unable or ill-equipped to do or provide for themselves.  To assist is to give support, and to give aid.  It is to give forethought to meeting their specific needs, such as protection, shelter, hygiene, food, medical needs etc.  Eparkeō is a broad and encompassing means to identify and provide the necessities for comfort, security, and life maintenance for widows that are indeed widows.  According to Vines Complete Expository Dictionary, 1985, eparkeō “signifies ‘to be strong enough for,’ and so either ‘to ward off’ or ‘to aid, to relieve.’ ”

 

Sadly, Paul’s exhortation and admonition are not a normal, expected occurrence within Christian families today; and is virtually absent as a recognized responsibility within the so-called church of Christ.  These widows are typically left to fend for themselves, subsisting as wards of the state in a socialistic society.  When money is available, it often is the surrogate for genuine honor, respect and assistance that her offspring are mandated to provide.  By purchasing a place where she can be set aside and tended to by others outside of the family, outside of the church, and outside of Christendom, their obligations are satisfied.  These elder women (and men too) that are so highly regarded and honored within Scripture, are set aside as distractions, burdens, and consumers of our precious time.  We are knowingly choosing to cast aside vital members of His body, contributing members of His church, as dregs to a paganistic society.

 

This article was introduced with three common assumptions regarding 1 Timothy 5:8 that are often strongly defended, and are used as chains to bind many within the church.  They are: 1) A woman is not to work outside of the home; 2) A husband is to provide financial support for his wife, and family; and 3) A man is to fulfill the responsibilities as father for his children. 

 

We will conclude this article by looking at each one specifically.

 

1) A woman is not to work outside of the home.  With the exclusion of widows, and possible ‘women that believe’ in v 16, there is no reference to a woman or women vv 3-16.  Also, the only work that is considered in these verses is what is necessary for specific groups of believers, who are clearly identified, regarding the honor and care of deserving widows.

 

2) A husband is to provide financial support for his wife, and family.  Obviously, if a husband is considered in Paul’s instructions to Timothy, Paul’s concern could not be about the honoring and care of widows.  A widow ‘is’, because of the absence of a husband.   Conversely, if a husband is who is considered, the care of widows could not be the concern Paul is addressing to Timothy.  Widows do not have husbands.  Secondly, it is not a wife, or family that is considered here for honoring and care.  It is the progonos, those born before, the widows of previous generations who are being considered.  And finally, to ‘provide’ (pronoeō), does not mean to ‘financially support.’  Pronoeō has a much broader meaning as discussed, which may include material assistance.  Pronoeō does not suggest one is to financially support anyone. However, in the context Paul uses the word, it does indicate a person is to honor, respect, and care for a widow as she has need.

 

3) A man is to fulfill the responsibilities as father for his children.  As were husbands, fathers are absent from the context of Paul’s instructions.  His attention is not from an older generation down to the younger generation, or children (greek-teknon).  It is from the children upward, to their progonos, their forefathers; more specifically the widows; those who are indeed widows within their family.           

 

Simply put, 1 Timothy 5:3-16 makes a call to a godly, Christ glorifying relationship with a widow—a call extended to her children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren; and if need be, the body of Christ, His church.  Let us be obedient in this specific instruction!  Let's not adulterate it!  Such contextual understanding does not discredit or trivialize the roles and responsibilities of a husband or father, wife or mother, children or grandparents (elders), spousal or family responsibilities etc.  The Lord has given us clear teaching, instruction, principles and commands regarding these elsewhere in Scripture.  Let’s go to those areas of His word to reach understanding, rather than attempting to fit or read them into where they do not belong—which He clearly states is sin, and a violation to His truth.

 

 

Pure and undefiled religion in the sight of our God and Father is this: to visit orphans and widows in  their distress, and to keep oneself unstained by the world” (James 1:27).